For reference only · Status as of 14 Nov 2026.Summary of federal OSHA rules and ANSI/ASME consensus standards. Not legal advice, not a substitute for the regulations or standards, and nothing here qualifies anyone. ASME/ANSI requirements are paraphrased.
Who does what on a crane lift
Minimum qualification, training and expectations for crane and rigging roles, based on OSHA, ASME and ANSI. Free resources for the whole industry.
ASME B30.5-2025 Mobile and Locomotive Cranes becomes effective
Replaces B30.5-2021 one year after its 30 Dec 2025 issue. Reported to add qualification criteria for lift directors. Next edition scheduled for 2028. Lift Director
14 Nov 2026
Site refresh: lift diagram and role icons
The home page now shows a crane lift with each of the eight roles marked; select one to open its page. Each role has its own icon and color across the role pages, training modules and menus.
14 Nov 2026
Seven blank field forms added (Rev 0)
Crew qualification roster, operator evaluation record, signal person qualification record, pre-lift meeting sign-in, crane shift and rigging gear inspection checklists, and a before-you-show-up records checklist. Editable Word, printable on one letter sheet. Download the forms
Lift Crew Member
Tag-line handlers, helpers, spotters and anyone else working in the crane work area, plus people being hoisted.
OSHA minimum qualification / evaluation
Evaluate understanding of training (1430(g)(1)). Dedicated spotters must meet signal-person qualification.
Training
Crush/pinch & swing-radius hazards; power-line hazards if near lines; tag-out if authorized to energize; pre-lift / A/D / multi-crane / personnel-hoist briefings.
Who may evaluate
Employer.
Records OSHA requires
None specified beyond training evidence; meeting/briefing records advisable.
Retraining / re-evaluation
Event-driven.
Portability
Not addressed by OSHA.
ASME / ANSI adds
B30.5 lift director ensures roles understood; P30.1 pre-lift meeting.
A dedicated spotter for power-line encroachment must meet the signal person qualification requirements of 1926.1428 and be positioned/assigned per the standard.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1401Keep: Signal-person qualification docWhen: Before assignmentApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Verify definition wording; treat spotters as signal persons.
Each employee who works with the equipment must be trained to keep clear of holes and crush/pinch points and on the work-area-control (swing radius) hazards of 1926.1424.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1430Keep: Training recordWhen: InitialApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Tag-line handlers, helpers, spotters, laborers in the work zone.
Personnel hoisting: pre-lift meeting attended by the operator, signal person (if used), employees to be hoisted and the person responsible for the task; held before the trial lift at each new work location and repeated for newly assigned employees.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1431Keep: Pre-lift meeting recordWhen: Each personnel hoisting job / new workerApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Personnel involved in the load handling activity are identified, informed of roles and hazards, and attend a pre-lift meeting appropriate to the lift category (standard vs critical).
Source: ASME P30.1-2024Keep: Lift plan sign-offWhen: Each liftApplies: All industries (consensus)
Only employees needed to hook/unhook/guide or receive the load may be in the fall zone; none directly under the load (limited exception for tilt-up/down).
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1425Keep: Work area control / JHAWhen: Each liftApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
5-3.1 Responsibilities (lift director duties)Consensus “shall”Verify
Lift director ensures personnel involved understand their roles and that a pre-lift briefing is held; anyone may signal emergency stop.
Source: ASME B30.5-2021 (in effect) / B30.5-2025 (effective ~30-Dec-2026)Keep: Pre-lift briefingWhen: Each liftApplies: All industries (consensus)
Applies to everyone on the lift 5 general requirements, including this role
Employer must evaluate each employee required to be trained under Subpart CC to confirm the employee understands the information provided in the training.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart CCKeep: Evaluation record (quiz, demonstration, sign-off)When: After each required trainingApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Applies to every Subpart CC training requirement - a sign-in sheet alone does not show understanding.
Persons performing functions identified in the volume must meet its qualifying criteria and be trained in and familiar with the volume, through education, training, experience, skill and physical fitness as necessary.
Source: ASME B30 series (all volumes)Keep: Qualification file per personWhen: Initial; maintainApplies: All industries (consensus)
Paraphrased; confirm wording in the licensed copy of each volume you rely on.
Lift helper
Tick what applies to the job. The list shows the federal OSHA roles, records and briefings that apply, with links to each requirement. It is a checklist aid only: it does not plan the lift or qualify anyone, and state, owner and contract rules may add more.
Certified or licensed for the equipment type (valid up to 5 years), at no cost to the employee. 1926.1427(c)–(e); 1926.1427(c)(3)
Employer evaluation on this equipment and the assigned work, documented and available at the site. 1926.1427(f)
This list is a reference aid based on federal OSHA and the cited standards. It is not a lift plan, does not cover every rule, and does not qualify anyone.
Questions
Short answers to the questions crews, supervisors and contractors ask most. Each answer cites its clause. Open a question to see the answer; use “Copy link” to share one.
56 of 56 questions
Crane Operator
Is an NCCCO (or other accredited) operator card enough by itself to let someone run our crane?
No. OSHA requires BOTH certification (or a qualifying license) AND a separate employer evaluation.
Certification proves general knowledge for a crane type. The employer must also evaluate the operator on the equipment and tasks they will be assigned, including safety devices and configuration. A certificate or degree alone does not meet the evaluation requirement.
What must the operator evaluation record include, and where must it be kept?
Operator name, evaluator name and signature, date, and the make, model and configuration of the equipment. It must be available at the worksite.
Keep it at the site for as long as the operator works for the employer. Where electronic records are not available, keep a paper copy in the site crane file.
Up to 5 years. A state license is valid for the period the state stipulates, but no more than 5 years.
Track expiration dates and plan recertification before the card lapses. An expired certification means the person may only operate as an operator-in-training.
Is an operator's certification or evaluation portable when they change employers?
The accredited certification is portable. The employer evaluation is not: the new employer must do its own evaluation.
Certification from an accredited testing organization travels with the operator. Certification from another company's audited employer program does not. In every case the new employer must evaluate the operator before they run its equipment.
If an operator was evaluated on one crane, do they need a new evaluation for a different crane?
Only if the new crane requires substantially different skills, knowledge or configuration.
After a successful evaluation, an operator may run other equipment the employer determines does not need substantially different skills. A move from a small RT to a large lattice crawler, a tower crane, or a new configuration such as luffing jib or superlift usually needs a new evaluation. Document the decision either way.
Can an uncertified person run a crane while they are in training?
Yes, only as an operator-in-training: continuously monitored by a qualified trainer, with tasks within their ability.
Training must combine formal and practical instruction. The trainer must keep line of sight and communication (direct communication for tower cranes), and may take only short breaks under set conditions. See the next question for what trainees may not do.
What is an operator-in-training NOT allowed to do?
No work near power lines (within 20 ft up to 350 kV or 50 ft above), no personnel hoisting, no multi-crane lifts, no lifts over shafts, cofferdams or tank farms.
Multiple-lift rigging is also restricted unless the trainer decides the trainee's skills are sufficient.
When must an operator be retrained or re-evaluated?
When their performance or an evaluation shows they need it. After retraining they must be re-evaluated.
Typical triggers are an incident, a near miss, an observed unsafe act, or a failed field observation. Record the trigger, the retraining and the re-evaluation.
Can operator tests be given verbally or in Spanish?
Yes. They can be oral (after a written literacy check) and in any language the candidate understands.
The certificate must note the language. The operator may then only run equipment furnished with materials, such as load charts and manuals, in that language.
Besides certification, what training must operators receive?
Safe operation of their equipment, power-line safety, emergency procedures, tag-out and start-up, and work-area/crush-point hazards.
Friction-crane operators must also be trained to raise the boom a short distance before swinging it off a support. Every training must be followed by an evaluation of understanding.
Does ASME require physical or medical criteria for operators?
ASME B30.5 includes physical criteria such as vision, hearing, depth perception and seizure history, plus substance-use provisions. Some are 'shall' and some are 'should'.
OSHA has no equivalent in Subpart CC. Check the licensed B30.5 copy before writing these into a procedure, and keep medical records separate from training files.
Consensus standardASME B30.5, 5-3.1.2 (verify)
Qualified Rigger
Does OSHA require riggers to be certified?
No. OSHA requires a 'qualified rigger' for certain work. That means a rigger who meets the qualified-person criteria, as determined by the employer.
Qualified person means a recognized degree, certificate or professional standing, or extensive knowledge, training and experience, plus demonstrated ability to solve problems related to the work. OSHA does not prescribe a test, but the employer must be able to show how it made the determination.
What must a rigger qualification exam cover under ASME B30.5?
Selection and use of rigging hardware; standard hitches; estimating load weight, center of gravity, sling angles/loading and load movement; and rigging inspection.
Both a written and a practical exam are required. CCO Rigger II is commonly cited as meeting these areas. An employer's in-house exam can meet them if mapped to all four.
Can an employer give its own rigger qualification exam instead of using a third party?
Yes. Qualification is an employer designation, and the exam may be administered by anyone as long as it covers the required competencies.
Keep the exam results and the designation in the person's file. Owner contracts sometimes require third-party certification, so check the project spec.
Who must inspect rigging before use, and how often?
In construction, rigging equipment is inspected before use on each shift and as needed during use, and a competent person designated by the employer inspects slings and their fastenings each day before use. In general industry, a competent person inspects slings each day before use.
Also follow the B30.9 (slings) and B30.26 (hardware) inspection and removal criteria.
Yes, through an employer's qualified evaluator. That qualification is not portable to other employers.
The evaluator must be an employee of the employer who has shown they can accurately assess signal persons against 1926.1428. The alternative is a third-party qualified evaluator, whose documentation is portable.
The tests must show knowledge and use of the signal types used (Standard Method hand signals where applicable), basic crane operation and limits including load dynamics and boom deflection, and the signaling rules in 1926.1419-.1422 and .1428.
When the operator can't see the load, landing area or path; when traveling with view obstructed; or when the operator or person handling the load decides one is needed.
Non-standard hand signals and voice signals must be agreed in advance by the operator, signal person and lift director (if there is one). Standard Method hand signals need no pre-agreement.
What training is required for jacks, rollers, air casters or hydraulic gantries?
OSHA requires only general hazard instruction. ASME B30.1 covers operator training and competence.
Consensus standardASME B30.1-2026
Load Handling Equipment
What do forklift or telehandler operators need?
Formal and practical training, a workplace evaluation before operating, an evaluation at least every 3 years, and an employer certification record.
Refresher training is also required after unsafe operation, an accident or near miss, a poor evaluation, assignment to a different truck type, or changed conditions. The record must show the operator name, training date, evaluation date, and who trained and evaluated.
Do people using below-the-hook devices (spreader bars, lifting beams, clamps) need training?
Yes, under ASME B30.20: operators must be trained in their use according to the manufacturer and the volume.
Consensus standardASME B30.20-2025
Load Handling Equipment
Does ASME lift planning (P30.1) apply to non-crane lifts?
Yes. P30.1 covers planning for all load handling equipment, not just cranes.
Consensus standardASME P30.1-2024
Lift Director
Does OSHA require a qualified lift director on every lift?
No. Federal OSHA sets a lift director qualification only for multiple-crane lifts: someone who meets both competent and qualified person criteria, or a competent person assisted by one or more qualified persons.
Elsewhere OSHA mentions the lift director 'if there is one', for example in agreeing on signals. ASME B30.5 treats the role as always filled.
B30.5-2021 lists the lift director's responsibilities. B30.5-2025, effective about 30-Dec-2026, adds qualification criteria.
The new criteria cover knowledge of site and weather hazards, personnel roles, crane limits, rigging, signaling, power lines and regulations, plus the ability to set work-area controls, read load charts and read lift plans. Verify the final wording in the licensed copy.
Consensus standardASME B30.5-2021 / 2025, 5-3.1
Lift Director
When does ASME B30.5-2025 take effect?
About 30-Dec-2026. It was issued 30-Dec-2025 and becomes effective one year after issue. B30.5-2021 applies until then.
Consensus standardASME B30.5-2025 foreword
Lift Director
Do any states or cities require lift director licensing or registration?
Yes. New York City requires DOB lift director registration (since 1-Jan-2025), and Washington State has lift director qualification rules (WAC 296-155 Part L).
Texas projects follow federal OSHA only. See the State & local page.
State / local lawNYC Admin Code 28-424; WAC 296-155
Assembly/Disassembly Director
Who can direct crane assembly or disassembly?
A person who meets the criteria for both a competent person AND a qualified person, or a competent person assisted by one or more qualified persons.
If only one person does the A/D, they must meet both criteria themselves. Job title does not matter.
Before starting, make sure each crew member understands their tasks, the hazards, and the hazardous positions to avoid. Repeat this for new crew members or changed tasks.
An employee or agent of the employer with the knowledge, training and experience to assess equipment operators.
OSHA does not require evaluator certification. The employer stays responsible for the evaluation even if an agent performs it. Document why each evaluator was designated.
What does an employer need if it wants to certify operators itself (audited employer program)?
Tests developed by an accredited organization or approved by an independent certified auditor; an audit within 3 months of starting and at least every 3 years; deficiency reporting; audit records kept 3 years.
Certifications issued under this program are not portable and are valid for 5 years.
Not by themselves. They become mandatory when adopted by contract, owner spec, state rule or the employer's procedures. OSHA can also use them as evidence of a recognized hazard.
On this site, “Consensus shall” rows are mandatory ASME/ANSI wording and “OSHA law” rows are federal regulation.
OSHA + ASMEOSH Act 5(a)(1); ASME B30 introduction
General
Which crane and rigging roles have a fixed retraining or re-evaluation interval?
Only two: operator certification (5 years maximum) and forklift operator evaluation (at least every 3 years). Everything else is event-driven.
Employers should set their own refresher intervals in procedure.
Some do. State-plan states, and cities such as New York, can add licensing or qualification rules. States without a state plan for private employers, such as Texas, follow federal OSHA.
Check the State and local rules page, and check owner, DOE or USACE requirements on government sites.
State / local lawState & local page
Signal Person
Can a rigger signal the crane?
Only if separately qualified as a signal person. Rigger qualification does not include signaling, and anyone may give a stop or emergency-stop signal.
Signal-person qualification requires an oral or written test and a practical test, with documentation at the site listing each signal type.
Anyone. A person who becomes aware of a safety problem must alert the operator or signal person with the stop or emergency-stop signal, and the operator must obey it.
Employer must evaluate each employee required to be trained under Subpart CC to confirm the employee understands the information provided in the training.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart CCKeep: Evaluation record (quiz, demonstration, sign-off)When: After each required trainingApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Applies to every Subpart CC training requirement - a sign-in sheet alone does not show understanding.
Before operating covered equipment, employer must ensure the operator is trained, certified/licensed, and evaluated. Uncertified persons may operate only as operators-in-training under (b).
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1427Keep: Training, certification and evaluation recordsWhen: Before first operationApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Operator must hold (c) a qualifying state/local license where required, or (d) certification from an accredited testing organization by equipment type (or type and capacity), or (e) certification through an audited employer program. Valid max 5 years.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1427Keep: Copy of license/certification cardWhen: Renew at or before 5 yearsApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
(d) is portable between employers; (e) is not portable.
Certification/licensing must include a written test (controls, performance characteristics, load/capacity calculations, power lines, Appendix C criteria, ground conditions, Subpart CC, ability to read the manual) and a practical test (shift inspection, operational and maneuvering skills, load chart use, shutdown/securing).
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1427Keep: Testing org / audit recordsWhen: Per certification cycleApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Employer must ensure each operator is qualified through an evaluation demonstrating skills and knowledge (incl. safety devices, operational aids, configuration) and the ability to safely perform the hoisting activities they will be assigned. A certificate or degree alone does not satisfy this.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1427Keep: Signed employer evaluationWhen: Before operating; after retraining; when moving to equipment requiring substantially different skillsApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Operators employed before 10-Dec-2018 may rely on prior employer assessment.
Evaluation documentation must include the operator's name, evaluator's name and signature, date, and make, model and configuration of equipment used. Must be available at the worksite while the operator works for the employer.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1427Keep: Operator evaluation form at the site (paper or electronic)When: Per evaluationApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Keep a paper copy where electronic records are not available at the site.
Operator-in-training: formal + practical instruction, tasks within ability, continuous monitoring by a qualified trainer; restricted from power-line proximity, personnel hoisting, multi-crane lifts and lifts over shafts/cofferdams/tank farms; multiple-lift rigging only if trainer judges skills sufficient.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1427Keep: OIT log, trainer assignmentWhen: During training periodApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Tests may be given verbally (with written literacy demonstration) and in any language the candidate understands; the operator may then only run equipment furnished with materials in that language.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1427Keep: Language noted on certificateWhen: Per certificationApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Operators must be trained in safe operation of the equipment they will operate, plus: raising the boom slightly before swinging off a support on friction equipment, and the manufacturer's emergency procedures for halting unintended movement.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1430Keep: Training recordWhen: Initial; refresher as neededApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Derricks, sideboom cranes and equipment rated 2,000 lb or less are excluded from 1427 and governed by their own sections (sideboom operators trained per 1430(c)).
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1427Keep: Per applicable sectionWhen: Per sectionApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
See the Load Handling Equipment User page for these equipment types.
Definition - Qualified rigger / Qualified personOSHA law
Qualified Rigger
A qualified rigger is a rigger who meets the 'qualified person' criteria: a recognized degree, certificate or professional standing, or extensive knowledge, training and experience, AND has successfully demonstrated ability to solve problems related to the work.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1401Keep: Employer determination recordWhen: Initial; per task scopeApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
OSHA specifies no exam format or documentation - employer must be able to show the basis.
Each day before use, a competent person designated by the employer inspects slings and all fastenings and attachments for damage or defects; damaged or defective slings are removed from service immediately.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.251Keep: Inspection record / tag systemWhen: Daily before useApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Before giving any signals, signal person must be qualified via (1) documentation from a third-party qualified evaluator (portable) or (2) assessment by the employer's qualified evaluator (not portable).
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1428Keep: Third-party card or employer assessmentWhen: Before first signalApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Documentation must be available at the site while the person works for the employer and must state each type of signaling (hand, radio, etc.) the person is qualified for.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1428Keep: Qualification doc at site, signal types listedWhen: OngoingApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Must know and apply the signal types used (Standard Method for hand signals where applicable), understand basic equipment operation and limits (incl. dynamics of swinging/stopping loads and boom deflection), know 1926.1419-.1422 and .1428, and demonstrate this through an oral or written test AND a practical test.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1428Keep: Test results (oral/written + practical)When: InitialApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
A signal person must be provided when the point of operation is not in full view of the operator, when the view in the direction of travel is obstructed, or when the operator or person handling the load decides one is needed. Non-standard hand signals and voice signals must be agreed in advance by the operator, signal person and lift director (if any).
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1419-.1422Keep: Lift plan / pre-lift briefingWhen: Each liftApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Each employee who works with the equipment must be trained to keep clear of holes and crush/pinch points and on the work-area-control (swing radius) hazards of 1926.1424.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1430Keep: Training recordWhen: InitialApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Tag-line handlers, helpers, spotters, laborers in the work zone.
A dedicated spotter for power-line encroachment must meet the signal person qualification requirements of 1926.1428 and be positioned/assigned per the standard.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1401Keep: Signal-person qualification docWhen: Before assignmentApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Verify definition wording; treat spotters as signal persons.
Only employees needed to hook/unhook/guide or receive the load may be in the fall zone; none directly under the load (limited exception for tilt-up/down).
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1425Keep: Work area control / JHAWhen: Each liftApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Personnel hoisting: pre-lift meeting attended by the operator, signal person (if used), employees to be hoisted and the person responsible for the task; held before the trial lift at each new work location and repeated for newly assigned employees.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1431Keep: Pre-lift meeting recordWhen: Each personnel hoisting job / new workerApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Multiple-crane/derrick lifts must be directed by a person who meets the criteria for both a competent and a qualified person, or a competent person assisted by one or more qualified persons (lift director).
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1432Keep: Designation + basis of qualificationWhen: Each multi-crane liftApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Only explicit OSHA lift-director qualification trigger.
Assembly/disassembly must be directed by a person meeting criteria for both competent and qualified person, or a competent person assisted by one or more qualified persons; if one person does the work, they must be both.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1404Keep: A/D director designation + basisWhen: Each A/DApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Review the applicable procedures immediately before starting, unless already understood and previously applied to the same type and configuration of equipment.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1404Keep: Review sign-offWhen: Each A/DApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Use manufacturer procedures or employer procedures developed by a qualified person; address site/ground, blocking, boom support, pin removal, component weights, wind and other listed hazards.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1403-.1406Keep: A/D planWhen: Each A/DApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Evaluator must have the knowledge, training and experience necessary to assess equipment operators, and be an employee or agent of the employer. Employer remains responsible for compliance.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1427Keep: Evaluator designation + basis (resume, certs)When: Before evaluatingApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Operator trainer (for operators-in-training): employee/agent with knowledge, training and experience to direct the trainee; no tasks that detract from monitoring; line-of-sight + communication (direct communication for tower cranes).
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1427Keep: Trainer designationWhen: During OITApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
If an employer runs an audited employer certification program: tests developed by an accredited organization or approved by an independent certified auditor; audit within 3 months of start and at least every 3 years; deficiencies reported; records kept 3 years.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1427Keep: Audit reportsWhen: ≤3 months, then ≤3 yearsApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Certifications non-portable.
Definition - Qualified evaluator (not a third party)OSHA law
Operator Evaluator
Employer's signal-person evaluator must be employed by the signal person's employer and have demonstrated competence in accurately assessing signal persons against 1428.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1401 / 1926.1428Keep: Evaluator designationWhen: Before evaluatingApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Included because operator evaluators often also assess signal persons.
General industry: slings and fastenings/attachments inspected each day before use by a competent person designated by the employer.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1910.184Keep: Inspection recordWhen: DailyApplies: General industry (29 CFR 1910)
No 1910 ruleIndustry practice
Signal Person
General industry has no OSHA signal-person qualification rule; employer relies on ASME B30 and the OSH Act General Duty Clause.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1910 Subpart NKeep: Signal-person qualification record (recommended)When: Per employer policyApplies: General industry (29 CFR 1910)
Apply 1428-equivalent qualification company-wide for consistency.
Powered industrial truck (forklift/telehandler) operators: formal + practical training and workplace evaluation before operating; trainees only under direct supervision.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1910.178 (via 1926.602(d))Keep: Training + evaluation recordWhen: Before operatingApplies: Construction & general industry
Include if forklifts/telehandlers are used as LHE.
Refresher training and evaluation after unsafe operation, accident/near miss, poor evaluation, new truck type or changed conditions; performance evaluated at least once every 3 years.
Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1910.178Keep: Evaluation recordWhen: At least every 3 years + event-drivenApplies: Construction & general industry
The only fixed re-evaluation interval OSHA sets for these roles. Crane operator certification must also be renewed at least every 5 years.
Operator qualification by written and practical examination specific to the crane type, via certification, licensing or employer program; employer documents qualification.
Source: ASME B30.5-2021 (in effect) / B30.5-2025 (effective ~30-Dec-2026)Keep: Qualification fileWhen: Per qualificationApplies: All industries (consensus)
Paraphrased - verify exact text/subparagraph in licensed copy.
Physical/medical criteria (vision, depth perception, color perception, hearing, no condition causing sudden loss of control) and substance-use provisions - mix of 'shall' and 'should' items.
Source: ASME B30.5-2021 (in effect) / B30.5-2025 (effective ~30-Dec-2026)Keep: Medical/fitness record (keep separate from training file)When: Per employer policyApplies: All industries (consensus)
Before operating a specific crane, operator is familiarized with its controls, manual, load charts and configuration.
Source: ASME B30.5-2021 (in effect) / B30.5-2025 (effective ~30-Dec-2026)Keep: Familiarization checklistWhen: Each new crane model/configApplies: All industries (consensus)
At least one qualified rigger where a mobile crane is used. Employer designates the rigger as qualified based on evidence of passing a written and practical exam covering: selection/use of rigging hardware; application of standard hitches; estimating load weight, center of gravity, sling angles/loading and load movement; and inspection of rigging equipment.
Source: ASME B30.5-2021 (in effect) / B30.5-2025 (effective ~30-Dec-2026)Keep: Written + practical exam results; employer designationWhen: Initial; per programApplies: All industries (consensus)
Exam may be administered by anyone covering the competencies (CCO Rigger II is commonly cited as meeting them). Verify clause number.
5-3.1.2.2(b) Supervision of personnel not yet qualifiedConsensus “shall”Verify
Qualified Rigger
Personnel performing rigging tasks who are not yet qualified must work under the direct supervision of a qualified rigger.
Source: ASME B30.5-2021 (in effect) / B30.5-2025 (effective ~30-Dec-2026)Keep: Supervisor assignment recordWhen: While not qualifiedApplies: All industries (consensus)
Clause number reported by industry sources; verify in the licensed copy.
Rigger selects, configures and assembles rigging for attaching, supporting, controlling and detaching the load, and confirms rigging suitability/condition.
Source: ASME B30.5-2021 (in effect) / B30.5-2025 (effective ~30-Dec-2026)Keep: Task assignmentWhen: Each liftApplies: All industries (consensus)
Signalperson qualified in standard signals, basic crane operation and limitations, with demonstration by oral/written and practical exam; 2021 added explicit signalperson responsibilities.
Source: ASME B30.5-2021 (in effect) / B30.5-2025 (effective ~30-Dec-2026)Keep: Qualification fileWhen: InitialApplies: All industries (consensus)
Verify exact qualification text in 2021 vs 2025 edition.
5-3.3 SignalsConsensus “shall”Verify
Signal Person
Standard hand signals used and available at the site; special signals agreed in advance; one designated signalperson at a time; operator obeys stop from anyone.
Source: ASME B30.5-2021 (in effect) / B30.5-2025 (effective ~30-Dec-2026)Keep: Pre-lift briefingWhen: Each liftApplies: All industries (consensus)
5-3.1 Responsibilities (lift director duties)Consensus “shall”Verify
Lift Crew Member
Lift director ensures personnel involved understand their roles and that a pre-lift briefing is held; anyone may signal emergency stop.
Source: ASME B30.5-2021 (in effect) / B30.5-2025 (effective ~30-Dec-2026)Keep: Pre-lift briefingWhen: Each liftApplies: All industries (consensus)
5-3.1 Lift director responsibilitiesConsensus “shall”Verify
Lift Director
Lift director directly oversees the crane work and rigging crew: confirms lift needs and crane suitability, ensures personnel are qualified and understand roles, holds pre-lift briefing, controls work area, stops work when unsafe.
Source: ASME B30.5-2021 (in effect) / B30.5-2025 (effective ~30-Dec-2026)Keep: Lift plan / briefingWhen: Each liftApplies: All industries (consensus)
5-3.1 Lift director qualifications (NEW)Consensus “shall”Verify
Lift Director
New lift director qualification requirement: evidence of satisfactory demonstration of knowledge of site/weather hazards, personnel roles and qualifications, crane characteristics and limits, rigging equipment, signaling, power lines, special lifts, applicable regulations; and ability to set traffic/access controls, place personnel, read/write/do arithmetic, read load charts, and read and discuss lift plans.
Source: ASME B30.5-2025 (effective ~30-Dec-2026)Keep: Written exam + documentation recommendedWhen: Before assignment (from effective date)Applies: All industries (consensus)
Based on the public-review draft reported Nov 2024; confirm the final 2025 text.
Persons performing functions identified in the volume must meet its qualifying criteria and be trained in and familiar with the volume, through education, training, experience, skill and physical fitness as necessary.
Source: ASME B30 series (all volumes)Keep: Qualification file per personWhen: Initial; maintainApplies: All industries (consensus)
Paraphrased; confirm wording in the licensed copy of each volume you rely on.
Overhead and underhung crane operators must be trained and qualified per the volume's operator training chapter.
Source: ASME B30.2-2022 / B30.17-2026Keep: Training/qualification recordWhen: Initial; refresher per programApplies: All industries (consensus)
Shop / facility cranes.
Training section (each sling chapter)Consensus “shall”Verify
Qualified Rigger
Sling users must be trained in selection, inspection, cautions to personnel, environmental effects and rigging practices.
Source: ASME B30.9-2025 SlingsKeep: Training recordWhen: Initial; refresher per programApplies: All industries (consensus)
Published 18-Jul-2025; check effective date in foreword.
Training sectionConsensus “shall”Verify
Qualified Rigger
Rigging hardware users must be trained in selection, inspection, cautions, environmental effects and rigging practices.
Source: ASME B30.26-2026 Rigging HardwareKeep: Training recordWhen: InitialApplies: All industries (consensus)
Jacks, rollers, air casters, hydraulic gantriesConsensus “shall”Verify
Load Handling Equipment User
Operators/users of jacks, rollers, air casters and hydraulic gantries trained and competent per personnel competence and operation chapters.
Source: ASME B30.1-2026Keep: Training recordWhen: InitialApplies: All industries (consensus)
Operator training & operation chaptersConsensus “shall”Verify
Load Handling Equipment User
Overhead (underhung) and lever hoist operators trained; B30.21-2025 adds that signal/communication means be established before operating when signals are needed.
Source: ASME B30.16-2022 / B30.21-2025Keep: Training recordWhen: InitialApplies: All industries (consensus)
B30.21-2025 effective 10-Feb-2026.
Winches - operationConsensus “shall”Verify
Load Handling Equipment User
Winch operators trained/qualified per volume.
Source: ASME B30.7-2026Keep: Training recordWhen: InitialApplies: All industries (consensus)
Personnel involved in the load handling activity are identified, informed of roles and hazards, and attend a pre-lift meeting appropriate to the lift category (standard vs critical).
Source: ASME P30.1-2024Keep: Lift plan sign-offWhen: Each liftApplies: All industries (consensus)
Published 7-Feb-2025.
Scope - all LHEConsensus “should”Verify
Load Handling Equipment User
Planning, roles and pre-lift meeting provisions apply to all load handling equipment, not just cranes.
Source: ASME P30.1-2024Keep: Lift planWhen: Each liftApplies: All industries (consensus)
Lift director roleConsensus “should”Verify
Lift Director
Lift director verifies the lift category, reviews and implements the lift plan, conducts pre-lift meeting and post-lift review.
Source: ASME P30.1-2024Keep: Lift planWhen: Each liftApplies: All industries (consensus)
ANSI/ASSP A10.42 – Rigging qualifications 1
Whole standardConsensus “should”Verify
Qualified Rigger
Sets minimum knowledge and performance criteria for a qualified rigger in construction and demolition, and related responsibilities.
Source: ANSI/ASSP A10.42-2000 (R2017)Keep: Qualification fileWhen: Per programApplies: Construction (29 CFR 1926)
Voluntary; useful as a competency checklist for an employer's own rigger exam.
Industry programs 1
Examiner accreditationIndustry practice
Operator Evaluator
Accredited bodies accredit practical examiners for certification exams. Not required for employer evaluations.
Source: NCCCO / NCCER practical examiner programsKeep: Examiner accreditationWhen: Per bodyApplies: All industries (voluntary)
A useful benchmark when setting evaluator qualification criteria.
State & local rules
Federal OSHA is the floor. States with their own OSHA plans, and some cities, add licensing or qualification rules. Check before mobilizing, and check owner or agency requirements on government sites. This table lists examples, not every jurisdiction.
Lift Director, A/D Director, certain operators, Rigger, Signal person
State-specific qualification requirements for lift directors and A/D directors using qualified evaluators (employer or third party); state rigger qualification.
From 1 Jan 2026, prime contractors need an L&I permit before operating, assembling, disassembling or reconfiguring a tower crane, including a safety conference and notifications.
Lift directors must be registered with DOB (or be a licensed Master Rigger or supervised Master Rigging Foreman). Registration requires a Department-approved 32-hour lift director course plus one of: an NCCCO Lift Director certification, 2 years supervising rigging in NYC, 3 years holding a DOB hoisting machine operator license, or 1 year of NYC lift director experience.
Texas
Federal OSHA jurisdiction (no state plan for private employers)
All
No state overlay for private employers; federal OSHA applies.
Other state plans / owners
Check before mobilizing
All
Several states license operators; DOE (DOE-STD-1090), USACE (EM 385-1-1) and owner specs may add requirements on government/NS&E sites.
What's changing
Recent and upcoming edition changes that affect lift-team qualifications, and changes to this site.
~30 Dec 2026
ASME B30.5-2025 Mobile and Locomotive Cranes becomes effective
Replaces B30.5-2021 one year after its 30 Dec 2025 issue. Reported to add qualification criteria for lift directors. Next edition scheduled for 2028. Lift Director
14 Nov 2026
Site refresh: lift diagram and role icons
The home page now shows a crane lift with each of the eight roles marked; select one to open its page. Each role has its own icon and color across the role pages, training modules and menus.
14 Nov 2026
Seven blank field forms added (Rev 0)
Crew qualification roster, operator evaluation record, signal person qualification record, pre-lift meeting sign-in, crane shift and rigging gear inspection checklists, and a before-you-show-up records checklist. Editable Word, printable on one letter sheet. Download the forms
14 Nov 2026
Signal Person module updated (Rev 1)
Adds OSHA's Appendix A hand signal chart (slide 8) and a best working practices slide of field lessons, labeled as good practice, not requirements (slide 15). Instructor package delivery plan renumbered to match. Download the modules
14 Nov 2026
Site and training resource corrections
Citation corrections in Modules 3, 5 and 8 and in the role pages, the NYC and Washington rows updated, and internal review notes removed from the Module 6–8 instructor packages.
14 Nov 2026
Training resources released (Rev 0)
Free supplemental training modules for eight roles (Modules 1–5 peer reviewed; ASME items in 6–8 marked Verify): PowerPoint slide decks and Word instructor packages. Download the modules
1 Jan 2026
Washington tower crane permits
Prime contractors need an L&I permit before tower crane operation, assembly, disassembly or reconfiguration (WSR 25-22-085). Assembly/Disassembly Director
10 Feb 2026
ASME B30.21-2025 Lever Hoists effective
Adds that a means of communication must be established before operating when signals are needed. Load Handling Equipment User
2025
ASME P30.1-2024 Planning for Load Handling Activities published (7 Feb 2025)
Current lift-planning standard for all load handling equipment. Lift Director
2025
ASME B30.9-2025 Slings published (18 Jul 2025)
Sling user training, inspection and removal criteria. Qualified Rigger
Aug-Sep 2025
Washington State WAC 296-155 Part L update
State qualification requirements for lift directors and A/D directors using qualified evaluators. Evaluator definition corrected effective 2 Jan 2026 (WSR 25-24-087). Lift Director
1 Jan 2025
New York City lift director registration
Anyone acting as lift director in NYC must be DOB-registered or a licensed Master Rigger (or supervised Master Rigging Foreman). Lift Director
7 Feb 2019
OSHA employer evaluation and documentation for crane operators
Certification alone is no longer enough; employers must evaluate and document each operator. Crane Operator
Training resources
Free supplemental training for all eight lift roles. Each module includes editable PowerPoint slides, a 25-question written exam, an instructor answer key, and printable student answer and instructor scoring sheets.
Important. These modules are supplemental material. They are not a complete training program for any role, and not a qualification, certification or license. Completing a module does not qualify anyone to perform a role. Developing and delivering training, and evaluating and documenting each worker, are the employer’s responsibility. Add your own site, equipment and procedures before use.
Website v2.8 · 14 Nov 2026. The Word instructor guides are from the prior release. Use the current slide deck and exam materials for classroom instruction, and adapt the earlier guides’ practical checklists and record templates to your equipment and site. Verify adopted ASME provisions against the applicable licensed editions.
When a signal person is required, qualification and documentation, hand and voice signals, radio communication, stopping and dedicated power-line spotting.
Blank Word forms for keeping the records OSHA expects and the paperwork clients often ask for. Edit them to fit your program, or print them on a standard letter sheet for sites where tablets and phones are not allowed. Filling in a form does not qualify, certify or train anyone.
Licensed under CC BY 4.0: free to use and adapt, including commercially, with credit to liftrolesreference.org. Keep the notice that the material does not qualify anyone.
About this reference
This site summarizes the minimum US requirements for training, qualifying and evaluating people in crane and rigging roles. It is independent and is not affiliated with, or endorsed by, OSHA, ASME, ANSI, ASSP or any employer, certification body or training provider.
How to use it
OSHA law rows come from 29 CFR 1926 (construction) and 1910 (general industry), summarized from osha.gov. Clause numbers link to the regulation text, which controls.
Consensus rows come from ANSI/ASME and ANSI/ASSP standards. Those standards are copyrighted, so requirements are paraphrased and cited by clause. Buy the current edition from the publisher before writing them into a procedure.
Rows marked Verify were paraphrased from secondary sources or have an approximate clause number.
Each role page lists the requirements specific to that role first. Requirements that apply to everyone on the lift are grouped at the bottom of each role page.
Federal OSHA only unless stated. State plans, cities, owners and agencies (for example DOE or USACE sites) may add requirements.
Not legal advice, and not a qualification
This is an informational summary. It does not replace the regulations, the standards, the equipment manufacturer's instructions or advice from a qualified professional. Reading this site or completing a training resource does not qualify, certify or license anyone. Training, evaluation and documentation are the employer's responsibility. Check the edition and effective date of every standard you rely on.
Glossary
Competent person
One who can identify existing and predictable hazards in the work, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them. 1926.32(f); 1926.1401
Qualified person
One who, by a recognized degree, certificate or professional standing, or by extensive knowledge, training and experience, has shown the ability to solve problems relating to the subject, work or project. 1926.1401
Qualified rigger
A rigger who meets the criteria for a qualified person. OSHA sets no exam or card; the employer decides and must be able to show the basis. 1926.1401
Fall zone
The area, including the area directly beneath the load, where it is reasonably foreseeable that suspended materials could fall in an accident. 1926.1401
Dedicated spotter (power lines)
A person who meets the signal person qualifications and whose only job is to watch the separation between the power line and the equipment, load line and load. 1926.1401; 1926.1428
Qualified evaluator (third party)
An entity that, because of its independence and expertise, has shown competence in assessing whether people meet the signal person qualification requirements. Its documentation is portable. 1926.1401; 1926.1428(a)(1)
Qualified evaluator (not a third party)
A person employed by the signal person’s employer who has shown competence in that assessment. The qualification is not portable to another employer. 1926.1401; 1926.1428(a)(2)
Putting up or taking down equipment covered by Subpart CC. For tower cranes, “erecting and climbing” and “dismantling.” 1926.1401; 1926.1404
Operator-in-training
A person not yet certified and evaluated who may operate only under the continuous monitoring of an operator’s trainer, with listed restrictions. 1926.1427(a)(1), (b)
Lift director
The person who directly oversees the lift. OSHA sets a qualification only for multiple-crane lifts; ASME B30.5 treats the role as always filled. Some companies call it the person in charge (PIC) or lift supervisor. 1926.1432(b)(1)
Multiple-lift rigging
In steel erection, hoisting more than one independently rigged structural member at once (“Christmas-treeing”). Workers who do it need specific training. 1926.761(c)(1)
Consensus standard
A voluntary standard such as ASME B30 or ANSI/ASSP A10.42. It becomes binding when adopted by contract, owner specification, state rule or company procedure.
Load handling equipment (LHE)
On this site, hoists, jacks, rollers, gantries, winches, below-the-hook devices, forklifts, telehandlers and similar equipment other than cranes. The term follows ASME P30.1.
Use and license
Site text and the training resources are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0): free to use and adapt, including commercially, with credit to liftrolesreference.org. Regulation text belongs to the public; ASME and ANSI standards belong to their publishers and are only paraphrased here.
Report an error
Spotted a wrong clause, an outdated edition or a missing state rule? Email [email protected] with the page, the row and your source. Corrections are listed under What's changing.